1 QUASI-LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT: Dear writer, please help me with my Quasi-lab

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QUASI-LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Dear writer, please help me with my Quasi-lab report assignment.

Please read the INSTRUCTIONS for the assignment below.

Come up with the topic.

Word limit is 1500 words. Please limit it to 1500 words not more or less.

The results of the study is in attachment 8 **8. 2024_TP4_Smartphone Study Results .docx

Please note that in this assignment, you don’t have to say the Mean/Standard Deviation or any numbers or p-values for the results. You just have to mention the hypothesis, whether it’s supported or not.

Please refer to all the attachments that I have attached.

There’s a sample of Quasi-lab report assignment. Please note that the grade for the sample assignment is unknown. Please refer to attachment number 11 **11. Sample – QuasiLabReport.docx

Please include 5-10 literature reviews and references.

Please use APA style 7th format. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings

Use Australia English (eg: realised, generalised).

There’s a Quasi-lab report FAQs provided by the school in attachment number 10 (10. FAQ – Quasi-lab report.docx).

Please refer to the marking guide below on page 8 to make sure that everything is covered in the introduction and discussion.

Thank you so much

INSTRUCTIONS:

Background to the study:

References

Bartel, K. A., Gradisar, M., & Williamson, P. (2015). Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.08.002

Brown, F. C., Buboltz Jr., W. C., & Soper, B. (2006). Development and evaluation of the Sleep Treatment and Education Program for Students (STEPS). Journal of American College Health, 54(4), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.3200/jach.54.4.231-237

Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010

Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J. (2016). Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults. Social Science & Medicine, 148, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.037

Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J., & Dinges, D. (2009). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Seminars in Neurology, 29(04), 320–339. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237117

He, J., Tu, Z., Xiao, L., Su, T., & Tang, Y. (2020). Effect of restricting bedtime mobile phone use on sleep, arousal, mood, and working memory: A randomized pilot trial. PLOS ONE, 15(2), e0228756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228756

Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y., & Maeda, A. (2005). Effects of playing a computer game using a bright display on presleep physiological variables, sleep latency, slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 14(3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00463.x

Liu, S., Wing, Y. K., Hao, Y., Li, W., Zhang, J., & Zhang, B. (2018). The associations of long-time mobile phone use with sleep disturbances and mental distress in technical college students: A prospective cohort study. Sleep, 42(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy213

Wams, E. J., Woelders, T., Marring, I., van Rosmalen, L., Beersma, D. G. M., Gordijn, M. C. M., & Hut, R. A. (2017). Linking light exposure and subsequent sleep: A field polysomnography study in humans. Sleep, 40(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx165

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRpce6WZTqQ

Transcript in attachment 1 **1. Background to the study_ transcript.pdf

The study:

Please find the article matrix of starting ref. in attachment 2 **2. Smartphone Study – Article Matrix with Starting References – Research Articles.pdf

Exelmans & Van den Bulck: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953615302458

Walms, Woelders, Marring, van Rosmalen, Domien, Beersma, Marijke, Gordijn & Hut: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29040758/

Higuchi, Motohashi, Liu & Maeda: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7640796_Effects_of_playing_a_computer_game_using_a_bright_display_on_presleep_physiological_variables_sleep_latency_slow_wave_sleep_and_REM_sleep

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrP85l2MORU

Transcript in attachment 3 **3. Writing an introduction_transcript.pdf

PLEASE REMIND STUDENTS THEY CANNOT USE THE INFORMATION BELOW IN THEIR LAB REPORT VERBATIM. IT MUST BE WRITTEN IN THEIR OWN WORDS:

** The Quasi-Lab Report study in this unit will investigate how smartphone use before bed impacts daytime sleepiness. By now you should have had the chance to take part in the sleep study (under the Quasi-lab report assignment: Participate in the study).

What? We are looking at an important topic within Biological Psychology – sleep.

Why? It plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. Getting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety. The way you feel while you’re awake depends in part on what happens while you’re sleeping. During sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain function. The damage from sleep deficiency can occur in an instant (such as a car crash), or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise your risk for some chronic health problems. Poor quality affects decisions, solving problems, controlling your emotions and behaviour, and coping with change. So, it is important to describe what quality sleep is, predict behaviours that are likely to impact us getting a good night’s sleep, and explain behaviour why behaviours impact our sleep the way they do.

Past research

A lot of people are using their smartphone prior to going to sleep. (Exelmans & Van den Bulck, 2016)

Phone use before bed = sleep loss, poor quality sleep, increased daytime tiredness (Bartel et al., 2014).

Daytime tiredness = increased risk of depression and anxiety, impaired cognitive function, and reduced reaction time (Demirci et al, 2015)

The biological mechanisms that are responsible for sleep disruption resulting from phone use lack consensus:

viewing stimulating content resulting in delayed sleep or poor sleep quality (Brown et al., 2006)

light emission from the screen may override homeostatic or circadian factors (Higuchi et al 2005)

Much of the research investigating the relationship between mobile phone use sleep have been conducted among children and adolescents (He et al, 2020) more work with adults is needed.

DO NOT USE THE INFORMATION BELOW IN YOUR REPORT VERBATIM. IT MUST BE WRITTEN IN YOUR OWN WORDS

Rationale – Much of the research investigating the relationship between mobile phone use and daytime sleepiness have been conducted among children and adolescents (He et al, 2020; Tamura et al 2019). In adults, less is known about the impact of nighttime phone-use on daytime tiredness. Further, studies involving adults most often employ a retrospective self-report design which assesses behaviour, without implementing interventions. This makes determining causality/chronology difficult. It also impedes our capacity to recommend ways to reduce the negative impact of evening phone use on daytime sleepiness. A number of solutions have been proposed to protect us from some of the effects of blue light emitted via phones, e.g., screen filters and apps. For example, blue-light apps are said to mask or “filter” blue light by shifting the colour tone of what is on the screen to warmer parts of the spectrum like yellow, orange, or red. Yet, limited research has been conducted to investigate the use of such apps, with a view to understanding how these apps might improve sleep quality and minimise next-day sleepiness. NOTE: The rationale does unfold in the intro but that it is also wise to have a summary that ties together the ideas presented in the literature review together, and leads logically to the aims.

Aim- The aim of this study is to investigate whether using a phone filter to which minimises blue light can reduce daytime sleepiness resulting from night-time phone use and subsequently increase cognitive function.

Hyp: It is predicted that participants using a BLF will report significantly less daytime tiredness on the ESS on 7-day follow-up compared to their baseline scores. It is further predicted that participants using a BLF will display significantly improved Working Memory (WM) performance on the Total Scores on the Corsi Block Tapping Task on 7-day follow-up compared to baseline. This pattern will differ from the control group who will show no change in daytime sleepiness or WM from baseline to 7-day follow-up.

Our IVs: group assignment (treatment and control) and time (pre and post intervention).

Our DVs: ESS scores and WM total score (Phone Use Survey- this wasn’t a DV, just a control measure)

Aim- The aim of this study is to investigate whether using a phone filter to which minimises blue light can reduce daytime sleepiness resulting from night-time phone use and subsequently increase cognitive function.

Hyp: It is predicted that participants using a BLF will report significantly less daytime tiredness on the ESS on 7-day follow-up compared to their baseline scores. It is further predicted that participants using a BLF will display significantly improved WM performance on the Total Scores on the Corsi Block Tapping Task on 7-day follow-up compared to baseline. This pattern will differ from the control group who will show no change in daytime sleepiness or WM from baseline to 7-day follow-up.

We used the ESS to asses sleepiness and the block tapping task to test WM

Design: experimental. We manipulated our IVs and controlled conditions by randomly assigning participants into treatment and control.

Between or within groups design: Both! We have between (treatment and control) and within (time 1 and time 2).

Initial participant survey in attachment 4 **4. Smartphone Study – Participant Survey FINAL.pdf

Follow up survey in attachment 5 **5. Smartphone Study – Follow Up FINAL.pdf

Reminder emails in attachment 6 **6. Survey Emails.docx

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O16KcPIVFSo

Transcript in attachment 7 **7. Review of research design_transcript.pdf

The study results can be found in attachment 8 ** 8. 2024_TP4_Smartphone Study Results .docx

How interpret results video link: https://youtu.be/Vaf9Tjp_pNI

Video link: https://youtu.be/e0-omDTzllE

Transcript in attachment 9 **9. Writing a discussion_transcript.pdf

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT YOU WILL NOT BE WRITING UP THE RESULTS IN YOUR DISCUSSION, YOU WILL ONLY BE INDICATING WHETHER THE HYPOTHESES WERE/WERE NOT SUPPORTED (note: a hypothesis is supported if the results were significant)

Introduction: Highlight the broader topic, Explain the theoretical framework, summarise previous studies, rationale, hypothesis and Aims & Hypothesis.

Marking rubric: