What was the Black Death and what were its consequences for Europe in the fifty years following it?

What was the Black Death and what were its consequences for Europe in the fifty years following it? Short answer: Why did Henry VIII need a papal dispensation to marry Catherine of Aragon? How did Martin Luther believe that people went to heaven? What was the Indulgence Campaign of 1517? Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? Essay (two pages): 

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