Substance Abuse Today, alcohol and tobacco are legal and easily accessible to

Substance Abuse

Today, alcohol and tobacco are legal and easily accessible to adults in most countries. However, substance use, excluding alcohol and tobacco, is responsible for approximately 500,000 deaths annually, with tobacco and alcohol estimated to result in over 8 million deaths annually [14Links to an external site., 18Links to an external site., 19Links to an external site.]. Recreational drug use was also estimated to be responsible for over 42 million years of healthy life loss (disability-adjusted life years, DALYs) in 2017, making up approximately 1.3% of the global burden of disease (GBD) [18Links to an external site.]. It is estimated that about 11 million people globally inject drugs regularly. This includes 1.4 million infected with HIV and 5.6 million with hepatitis C [18Links to an external site., 19Links to an external site.].

Substance abuse and its associated harms have contributed significantly to the shift from infectious diseases to noninfectious diseases in the GBD [14Links to an external site.]. The GBD study estimated that in 2017, alcohol and drug use accounted for 5.1% and 0.9% of the GBD, respectively [20Links to an external site.]. According to the 2021 World Drug Report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), around 275 million people globally used drugs at least once in 2020, an increase of 22% over the last decade [21Links to an external site.].

To address this serious public health challenge, a more proactive and innovative approach is needed, as the traditional ways of criminalization and punishment have not been effective.  Can the Health Belief Model serve as a means to bridge the risks associated with health misinformation and the impact on individual health, beyond the current recommendations for fact-checking and information literacy?    

Based on the required reading (s) and videos, summarize both the micro and macro levels.  

Please answer the question completely. Incorporate the required readings and/or other outside sources to support your answer. Make sure all references follow APA format.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/puh2.86#puh286-bib-0019

The Theory of Planned Behavior

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZsxuD3gExE

Albert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory and Vicarious Learning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbruJh0MODI

Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2U-tOghblfE

Importance of Social Support for young adults’ mental health:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O16Cz0dXF_Q

National Institute of Health: Understanding Health-Related Behavior

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAeDIFInhMw