no title assignment

There are 5 questions. Each question should have minimum 500 words, and at least 1 citation each, which is why I asked for 5 citation (1 per question) NO QUOTES ALLOWED. Should have no greater than 1% similarity, via Turnitin. Question #2 is about the professor herself and she includes her own citation.

1. Give an example of a disaster that leads to primary succession and list and explain each of the steps in the succeeding phases of that succession. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession? What type of succession do we see most commonly associated with clear-cutting of forests?

• I (Dr. Marshall) am an ecologist and environmental scientist. Below is a summary of the major focus of my scientific research. From that description explain which level or level(s) of ecological organization I study and explain why you believe your answer to be correct.

Title: Assessment of presence and impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals in an obligate riparian songbird, the Louisiana Waterthrush, in areas of high-intensity hydraulic fracturing

This project involves collaborative research between me, Dr. Chung-Ho Lin, University of Missouri, Columbia, Dr. Steve Latta, The National Aviary and Mack Frantz and Dr. Petra Wood, West Virginia University. This research follows on the heels of our previous research, (Latta et al. 2015), which identified the presence of heavy metals associated with hydraulic fracturing that had bioaccumulated in the feathers of Louisiana Waterthrushes in fracking areas in the Fayetteville and Marcellus Shale Plays. During field research, we found suspiciously low reproductive success associated with small clutch size, eggs that did not hatch, and nestlings which did not thrive in birds located in fracking areas.  Low reproductive success was a result of small clutch sizes, eggs that did not hatch, and nestlings which did not thrive. We believe that this may be tied to endocrine disrupting chemicals also seen in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing. Samples of feathers, eggs, and aquatic insect prey taken from areas of hydraulic fracturing and areas that served as controls are currently being testing using new methodologies created by Dr. Lin that allow for the testing of relatively light samples (feathers) for organic compounds including the endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as associated metabolites. We expect preliminary testing of these samples to be completed Fall 2017. Afterward, we will seek funding for new field research which will be conducted to continue sampling of feathers, unhatched eggs, and prey and we will quantify reproductive behaviors within areas where hydraulic fracturing may be impacting the environment.   

Latta, S. C., L. C. Marshall, M. W. Frantz, and J. D. Toms. 2015. Evidence from two shale regions that a riparian songbird accumulates metals associated with hydraulic fracturing. Ecosphere 6(9):144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00406.1

• Is carrying capacity a fixed entity? Discuss the role of humans in regulating carrying capacity for the human species and in altering the carrying capacity for other species. Provide and describe 5 examples of Homo sapiens regulating the carrying capacity of another species.

• Write out the exponential growth equation. Explain what each letter in the equation stands for. What does an exponential growth model express as happening to a population? Be very clear in this explanation. What type of curve does graphing the exponential growth data produce? Next, write out the logistic equation. Explain what each letter in the equation stands for. What does the logistic growth model show happening? What type of curve does graphing the data produce? What does the K stand for, how does it change population growth, and what does it mean? How might these models of population growth be applied to the historical and current growth of populations of Homo sapiens?

• What does the word “extinction” mean? What is the background extinction rate? What is the current extinction rate? Explain 5 environmental impacts in detail that are driving our current 6th Mass Extinction. How are the End-Permian Extinction and the 6th Extinction similar and how are they different? You should go into the explanation in detail, beyond the scope of the textbook.

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