BIO 107 – Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Week 12 Study Guide

BIO 107 – Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology

Week 12 Study Guide

Chapter 18

Give 4 functions of the respiratory system.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Give the function of the:

Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Epiglottis

Vocal cords

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Respiratory membrane

Body At WORK What causes the “smoker’s cough” in individuals that use cigarettes?

Life Lesson Describe the cause and treatment of asthma.

List the muscles that contract during inspiration

List the additional muscles that are used for deep inspiration.

List the additional muscles that are used for forced expiration.

Give the function of the following centers that help control breathing

Inspiratory center

Apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

Expiratory center

Body At WORK What causes the respiratory center to override voluntary changes to breathing rate?

Describe the action of the following factors factor on breathing

Oxygen

Ph

Stretch

pain and emotion

irritants

Life Lesson Describe the symptoms of emphysema.

Inspired air has a PO2 of 159 and a PCO2 of 0.3. When it arrives at the alveoli, air has a PO2 of 104 and a PCO2 of 40. Blood in the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of 40 and a PCO2 of 46. In the alveoli oxygen moves _____ the blood and carbon dioxide moves ____ the blood.

Fluid surrounding the bodies tissues has a PO2 of 40 and a PCO2 of 46 while blood in the systemic capillaries has a PO2 of 100 and a PCO2 of 40. In the tissues oxygen diffuses _____ out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses ____ the blood.

Body At WORK List 3 factors necessary for oxygenation of blood.

Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood.

Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Chapter 19

Give 5 functions of the urinary system.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Body At WORK List the 4 organ systems that perform excretory processes

1.

2.

3.

4.

Describe the following parts of the kidney

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal columns

Renal pyramids

Renal papilla

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvis

The filtration units of the kidney are the _______.

Blood enters the kidney through the ______ artery. This branches into smaller and amaller arteries until it becomes the ________ arteriole of a nephron. It next flows to the ________. Blood leaves the glomerulus through an _______ arteriole. The efferent arteriole leads to the ___________capillaries, which pick up water and solutes reabsorbed by the renal tubules. The peritubular capillaries lead to larger and larger veins that feed into the _____ vein.

List the three steps in the process of urine formation.

1.

2.

3.

7. Filtrate flow in the renal tubule starts in the renal corpuscle, flows to the ______ convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the ______ convoluted tubule, and the __________ duct

8. Describe the process of Glomerular filtration

9. Life Lesson Describe the way hypertension damages the kidney.

10. Describe the process of tubular reabsorption and secretion.

1. In the proximal convoluted tubule

2.In the descending limb of the loop of Henle

3. In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

4. In the distal convoluted tubule

5. The collecting duct

11. Give the effects of the following hormones

Hormone

Effect on kidney

Effect on blood volume

Effect on blood pressure

Aldosterone

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH

12. Give the function of the:

a. Ureters

b. Urinary Bladder

c. Urethra

13. Life Lesson Give the cause of kidney stones.

14. Life Lesson Give the symptoms of renal insufficiency and describe the 2 forms of dialysis.