Introduction

Poverty implies a situation whereby there is absolute deprivation of individual fundamental needs such as clean and safe drinking water, health, literacy levels, information, food as well as shelter. When a nation is perceived as poor, its quality of output is no in a position of adequately meeting the needs of its citizens due to scarcity. Poverty can be categorized as overall and absolute (Fox, 2017). Overall, poverty depicts a scenario whereby the nation suffers from inadequate income and resources to facilitate sustainable standards of living. As a result, aspects such as hunger and malnutrition, inaccessible education, poor health conditions, inadequate and poor housing, high mortality and morbidity, exclusion as well as social discrimination are inevitable. On the other hand, absolute poverty has indicators like severe deprivation of basic needs. The situation is fueled by low-income levels as well as the inaccessibility of the services. As such, they are accessing food, shelter, clothing education, sanitation, and knowhow is difficult. The parameter for the economic status of a country is shown by the gross domestic product (GDP) (Fox, 2017).

GDP takes into account the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. The parameter thus represents the value obtained from the evaluation of the annual services and products within the geographic borders of a given country. As such, the approaches to the calculation of gross domestic product employed include the net gross domestic product, nominal gross domestic product, gross national product, as well as the real gross domestic product. Additionally, when a nation has a high Gross Domestic product, the implication is that the amount of production activities taking place has a significant positive effect. As a result, the economy has an increased index in its growth rate; thus, the citizens are in a position of getting a high income, and their spending habits are relatively high. On the other hand, an increase in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product cannot be employed to mean that all the income classes within the nation are doing well (Fox, 2017). Therefore, assessment of other essential factors such as demographics, resource availability, national climate, as well as energy demonstrated by citizens, can be crucial in creating a balance on the necessary performance ground. The adverse impacts of poverty have been witnessed by a significant number of nations around the globe (Fox, 2017). The paper hence seeks to point out the magnitude in which poverty affects nations alongside their respective economies.

Connection between Poverty and the Economy

            According to Fox  (2017), there is undeniably a great connection between the level of poverty in a country and its overall economic strength. As such, when levels of poverty, in particular, country rise, the purchasing power of consumers is affecting, prompting them to spend less on items (Fox, 2017). As a result, the commercial and manufacturing sectors are significantly negatively influenced. In turn, the sectors retaliate by hiring a smaller number of persons, unlike their ordinary recruitment procedures.

The implication is that a huge proportion of the population is thus unable to secure jobs in these sectors (Fox, 2017). Thus the number of jobless individuals within the economy increases. In this case, the levels of payment stagnate as the manufacturing sector does not realize an increase in its level of output. Therefore, there are no significant promotions that may prompt a pay rise; hence the level of stagnation is not only felt by the firms but also the employee. On the other hand, when levels of poverty drop, the economy blossoms as consumers spend more.

Additionally, the commercial and manufacturing sectors recruit in large numbers; hence more people secure jobs (Fox, 2017). As a result, individuals can evade languishing in poverty. However, determining the cause of the interplay of the economic strength and poverty levels has been quite a challenge. Thus the study of macro-economics aids in determining if it’s the level of poverty and resource availability that dictates the interaction or it is the direction to be assumed by the economy that triggers the relationship at a greater magnitude. Extreme levels of poverty do not imply that every citizen within the nation is affected. As such, there is always a small portion of the population within the state that does not experience the shortages of resources to the levels of the larger population.

According to Carcillo, Huillery, & L’Horty (2017), the opportunities that prompt income development are promoted by economic development. Thus, when the economy is healthy, there are stronger and sustainable labor markets that are crucial for raising families living below poverty levels. Therefore, employment levels have, over time, played a role in changing the lives of individuals at great magnitude. Therefore a high chance of securing employment depicts the strength of an economy. As such, high poverty levels are identical to the inability to secure a job and decrease in the levels of income.

On the other hand, a low poverty rate has indicators like reduced cases of unemployment and high amounts of income (Carcillo et al., 2017). Additionally, research as indicated that the relationship between the variables of macro-economics and poverty rates has significantly grown weak. Owing to the information obtained from the national bureau of economic research done by (Carcillo et al., 2017) despite the weakening of the attachment between the two, median wages, as well as variations in the rates of unemployment, play a vital role the determination of the poverty levels effectively.

The research employed by Turrey and Maqbool (2018), in their article “the relationship between economic growth and poverty” shows there exist substantial inequalities in income inequality, median wages, and region of the country and rates of unemployment within the United States of America. The research was tailored to foretell the likely changes in the levels of poverty with the identified years (Turrey & Maqbool, 2018). The results are drawn shown that a rise in the levels of unemployment by a percentage has a likely chance of increasing the range of poverty by between 0.42 to 7.31 percent (Turrey & Maqbool, 2018).

On the other hand, an increase in 1 percent median wages was found to have a possibility of triggering a percentage of 0.2 percent decrease in the rates of poverty (Turrey & Maqbool, 2018). As a result, one can infer that macroeconomic variables do not have a strong relationship with the rates of poverty. On another model, a one percent increase in median income is equated to 0.2 percent of a decrease in the levels of poverty (Turrey & Maqbool, 2018). In this case, the impact of the unemployment rate is relatively lower than in the national model indicating a one percent increase in the rate of unemployment. The identified rate of one percent of unemployment is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in the levels of poverty (Turrey & Maqbool, 2018). Therefore, when employment rates and median income levels are held constant, densely populated areas are found to have high poverty levels though the impact of this disparity is quite small.

On the other hand, the higher minority population is characteristic of increased levels of poverty as the lower median wage is used to depict lower poverty levels. The analysis would again imply that a higher proportion of the population with college degrees is likely to be experiencing low levels of poverty. Additionally, relatively high numbers of Native Americans are associated with high rates of poverty.

            Poverty also poses a threat to the nation’s health standards. Therefore, individuals with low income have are highly vulnerable to diseases, unlike those in with a considerable level of income. The susceptibility is contributed by factors such as housing, occupation, nutrition as well as health-seeking behavior. Highly impoverished individuals may encounter challenges as their housing structures may not have attained the necessary standards of shelters, thus exposing them to potential dangers of rays, drowning, or penetration of elements of precipitation.

Again, the types of foods that they afford do not adequately cater to their nutritional requirement. As a result, these individuals may be vulnerable to deficiency diseases such as Kwashiorkor, marasmus, rickets as well as scurvy, which may be fatal, especially to the younger generation. Moreover, the population within the high poverty region engages in risky activities in search of an income. They are mainly employed in mines and farms. In case mines collapse, they are at high risk of losing their lives .results from the national center of health and statistics indicate that individuals living within the impoverished nations register high numbers of chronic diseases. The chronic diseases range from high blood pressure, hypertension, as well as elevated serum cholesterol. Persistence of these conditions can prompt increased rates of deaths in the future.

            Additionally, life expectancies of individuals within the poverty-stricken countries are relatively low as compared to those in low poverty levels. Research as shown that the household of an individual can aid in foretelling how financially capable that individual will be upon retirement. Another contribution to the deteriorating levels of health in emerging countries is the inaccessibility of health facilities as well as health insurance; thus, there is a reduced likelihood of accessing quality healthcare.

Again, nations that are characterized by poverty have low interventions that prompt alleviation of poverty as well as preventive measures of poverty. The implication is that in such an impoverished nation, a very low number of individuals are likely to have insurance cover. As such, they are three times less likely to have insurance coverage than the high-income individuals prompting reduced access to using healthcare services.

Moreover, research indicates that individuals who are poor and with no health insurance do not frequent health centers in a bid to access healthcare as compared to the wealthier and the insured. Data derived from national Centre of health and statistics indicate that children raised in families living below the poverty line and lacked health insurance cover are either thrice or four times less likely to have visited healthcare facilities within the past duration of twelve months when compared to children who are in the same levels of the economy and have healthcare insurance.

Again Herdman, (2016), in a bid to demonstrate the importance of improved health-seeking behavior, created an impression that both health and income have an interrelationship and thrive independent of health insurance coverage. The irony of the situation is that children who are insured on health visit clinics less often as they rarely fall sick, those without healthcare insurance fall sick often and are less likely to access healthcare. The implication within this irony is that the availability of health insurance prompts the improvement of health outcomes. As a result of this research, Medicare and Medicaid were initiated to make healthcare insurance available.

 The strategy has, over time, played a significant role in the improvement of healthcare outcome, particularly among children. The research leading to the initiative revealed that there was a thirty percent point increase in the possibility of mothers between the ages of fifteen to forty-four to give forth live births. As a result, the rate of infant mortality went down by 8.5 % (Herdman, 2016). Another study sought to find out the consequences of healthcare insurance cover as facilitated by Medicare alongside the implications on the health of the aged in societies. The findings demonstrated that the differences in healthcare coverage could not independently explain health outcomes. Therefore, nations are less likely to benefit from health insurance coverage policies put in place in a bid to improve the status of health by the government (Herdman, 2016).

However, they ought to focus efforts in creating a pool of labor force so that citizens would acquire income and seek to manage their health. The situation thus explains the linkage between the levels of health and individual income as well as the gross domestic product of a nation. Moreover, despite the linkage of the factor of wealth and health, having health insurance is usually paired with other aspects of an individual, such as their health-seeking behavior, proximity to the healthcare facility, individual perception of health, nature of disease as well as the chances of reoccurrence of the condition. Therefore, concluding that health insurance can solely solve levels of healthcare in nations with high levels of poverty is a misleading perception (Herdman, 2016).

            Additionally, Hugh, (2016) ‘Global Health Division,’ states that the association between poverty and health can be illustrated the levels of poverty experienced within these regions. Poverty-stricken states are characteristic of a sedentary way of living alongside uncontrolled use of drugs and alcohol, low consumption of vegetables and fruits, the inadequate fiber in the diet as well as behaviors that define individuals of a low socioeconomic level. Again, these low-income individuals have a rampant behavior of cigarette smoking, whereby thirty percent of adults are identified by research as addicts as compared to the twenty-one percent of the high income earning individuals (Hugh, 2016).  For this reason, cases of obesity, crime, stillbirths, and overweight are the order of the day in low income earning nations as compared to the wealthier nations (Hugh, 2016).

 Further, research indicated that women who have an income below 130 percent of the poverty line were found to be fifty percent more susceptible to obesity than those whose incomes surpass the poverty line (Hugh, 2016). The study discusses that children in poverty-stricken nations are less likely to engage in leisure activities regularly, unlike those in wealthy nations or families. As a result, the children in nations experiencing poverty levels may end up being overweight or obese. Additionally, poverty has overtime been seen to merge effectively with elements such as stress and adverse conditions of health like immune systems that are highly affected.

            Poor health can prompt nations to experience deteriorating levels of the economy in the sense that citizens ought to be physically fit to adequately perform in their lines of duty (Hugh, 2016). Therefore, if one has health issues, they are restricted from securing employment opportunities. Additionally, job opportunities seek to recruit individuals of good health so that they do not waste a lot of time in and out of health facilities seeking better health statuses.

Therefore nations that experience reduced healthcare levels are likely to suffer unemployment to a large extent (Hugh, 2016). For this reason, nations should seek to improve their healthcare accessibility levels to prompt an improvement in health so that the working population does not suffer a shortage of labor force. However, these poverty-stricken nations ought to bring on board all the likely factors that would translate into economic growth. The initiative will not only solve inadequacies within the health and employment sector but will significantly promote the creation of a diversified economy.

Consequently, the overall levels of economic growth will attain levels deemed as desirable. Demographic trends also play a significant role in the determination of poverty levels. As such, they are failing health can be associated with the levels of income per household, especially among the middle-aged and the elder members of the society (Hugh, 2016). The approach excludes children as the adults are involved in the execution of tasks that trigger the levels of the economy.

            Research has revealed that poverty causes an increase in the rates of crimes among nations. In this case, economic theory seeks to explain the relationship between poverty and crime by stating that low wages and unemployment levels, especially among the youth, result in idleness (Hugh, 2016). Since the highly impoverished nations are characteristic of unemployed youths, they are likely to indulge in criminal activities in sought of inclusion. Therefore high instances of incarceration, an arrest is always in the rise as individuals are involved in activities that are against the law.

Citizens tend not to fear the likelihood of possible arrest as they find crime an attractive activity. As such, the nation is characterized by unrest, fear, and suspicion, making it unsafe for investment. There are no potential investors who are willing to set up their businesses in nations with high levels of instability, as an instance of chaos would result in a significant loss of property (Hugh, 2016). However, another study refutes claims that the high levels of unemployment automatically result in indulgence in criminal activities.

Additionally, another study as an associated crime with both wage rates and unemployment, but the wages is seen to facilitate crime as compared to unemployment highly. The argument behind this concept is that individuals pursue criminal activities in a bid to supplement their sources of income. Since highly impoverished nations are characteristic of high standards of living, individuals engage in crime to add to their extra income to at least match with the standards of living.

Not only do investors shy from establishing investment projects within these nations, but the locals are at risk of threats that may result in death when they set up their businesses in regions characterized by high rates of crime.

            Focusing on the rate of crime concerning the gross domestic product per capita, Dullah Mullok (2016),’ The Relationship between Crime and Economic Growth in Malaysia’ argues that it is evident that an increase in the rates of crime causes a random decline in economic sustainability. For instance, the rates of crime derived from the justice department of the United States of America, economists concluded that the states that are largely experienced by the recession season of the economy are those that had reported few instances of crime.

According to the research conducted by (Mullok 2016), seeking to comprehend the difficulties in the process of testing, the hypothesis of big macroeconomic influences can be used to illustrate trends assumed by crime levels. Roman identified that both the macroeconomic factors and crime tend to influence each other. As a result, there is an interdependent relationship between the two. The interplay thus seeks to identify the perception of economists and criminologists concerning crime. Criminologists view crime as triggered by tough economic times. On the other hand, economist term crime as caused by good economic times. Therefore, Mullok’s research is torn between the concluding on the relationship between crime and the economy (Mullok, 2016).

The research conducted by Oliveira, Batos-Filho& Menezes(2017), ‘The scaling of crime concentration in cities, ’ identified the significant influence that population distribution has on the rates of crime. They sampled US cities, Tennessee, and Nashville, where they were seeking to test for theories of direct proportionality of dense population and crime and the inverse relationship of the same. They thus constructed models using data obtained from urban areas and compared it with that obtained from the non-urban sections of a specified county.

The researches yield a non-significant association between the levels of crime in urban areas and population density. On the other hand, findings on the non-urban implied a non-significant positive correlation at the county section.

Additionally, a dense population may prompt the creation of a high number of peers. Therefore there are chances of increased peer influence that goes beyond the neighborhoods resulting in increased cases of criminal activities. Again, a reduction in social stigma around the behavior may be promoted by the increased number of peers. As such, crime rates within the area and the surroundings may go down as the area has already attracted law enforcement officers who have instilled fear of arrest among the criminal groups.

Another research reveals that the neighborhood is free of the individual characteristics of its inhabitants; thus, criminal behavior is affected. Particular research identified the rates of arrests as lower among young people from low-income nations. The study was targeting families from particular nations who were assigned vouchers to reside in neighborhoods characterized by low poverty. As a result, there was a notable decline in the number of arrests associated with criminal violence. However, there rampant crimes connected to the property and had a higher number of males than females involved.

Moreover, conditions associated with poverty limits the ability of nations to develop their citizens’ abilities and skills, knowledge as well as traits that place them at positions of economic reliability. Therefore, these nations are characteristic of the inadequate skilled labor force that is associated with low incomes. The information obtained from the data of the year 2000 indicates that individuals between the age of twenty-four and sixty-four and, whose income exceeded poverty lines are likely to be in employment as compared to those below the line World Bank (2018), ‘Poverty and shared prosperity’ seeks to demonstrate the role of world bank in sharing costs and ideas to promote sustainable development.

High standards of healthcare can explain the outcomes of this research alongside satisfactory education status. In addition, technological advancements call for the improved workforce through either skills or training to aid in the effective utilization of new technological equipment. Nations with high levels of technology may thus suffer the inadequacy of trained human resources to propel the tools of technological advancement forwards (Jencks, 2016).  However, if training and education is availed to citizens within these nations, they are less likely to match with those in low poverty regions as the mode and items employed in the event of training are different.

            Additionally, in case of a breakdown in the process of employment of the new technologies, highly impoverished states suffer the cost of repair and maintenance. The huge cost is due to the outsourcing of expatriates from the developed nations at a relatively higher fee (Jencks, 2016). Suppose the high poverty nation had the required resources to aid in the repair and maintenance of technological tools, a considerable amount of funds would be saved and redirected to the economy to facilitate development.

The implication is that countries characterized by high levels of poverty are over-reliant on the low poverty countries for aids in the forms of technology, processing of foods as well as aids and grants in the form of drugs, foods, ammunition, and loans. The grants and aids may have strings attached in a bid to create a favorable ground for negotiation (Jencks, 2016). However, the conditions tend to prompt a decline with economies of these states as their governance principles threaten the principle. As a result, the impoverished nations may not develop from the grants and aids and tend to look back and seek more loans.

Consequently, the highly impoverished nations suffer from accumulated unpaid loans from institutions such as the World Bank and the international monetary fund (IMF). A country that thrives on donations and can entirely enforce its policies without having to rely on another for successful implementation and translate into equitable development World bank (2018).

Additionally, huge debts are an indication of how true the nation is at the periphery and survives at the mercies of the developed states. Therefore it would be prudent to argue that poverty in nations has significantly resulted in increased dependency and underdevelopment (World bank, 2018).

Poverty has significantly contributed to a decline in the levels of literacy. Therefore chances of achievement of quality education are affected, causing a negative influence on the outcomes of labor markets. Tara lupus (2019) researched on this connection and came up with the idea that shown that the level of education alongside its quality reached by children in lower-income earning nations is below that of children in upper or middle-income families.

Additionally, the highly impoverished states depict a high number of drop- out cases when compared to the regions of high income (lupus, 2019). A research conducted in the year 2004 indicated that the rates of drop out in high school in areas of high income are four times less than those in low-income areas. Again individuals who had less than a high school degree had recorded quite high cases of unemployment. As such, research found out that the levels of unemployment among individuals with a high school degree were three times lesser than those without it.

The statistics implied 7.6 % unemployed without a high school degree and 2.6% unemployed with a high school degree (lupus, 2019). Again, the percentage of students from low-income backgrounds who attended colleges immediately after graduating from high school is relatively lower than those from wealthier backgrounds. Thus research pointed out a 78% figure from the high-income backgrounds compared to 49% from low income earning regions (lupus, 2019).

The argument is that high-income families are in the opposition of raising the required amount of funds to meet their educational requirements for their children with minimal struggle. On the other hand, it takes a lot of effort for low-income earners to have an adequate amount of funds to finance their children’s education. The low percentage associated with the low levels of degree enrollment can be attributed to hardships that trigger a shortage in the individual capacity to enroll for the degree (lupus, 2019).

            Moreover, low literacy levels created by increased poverty rates have an impact on the national level of health for children. Trump (2018),’ Executive order reducing poverty in America by promoting opportunity and economic mobility’.The article advocates for the need to embrace mechanisms that aid economic development in a bid to wipe out poverty. Since the resultant situation of poor childhood health is malnutrition, obesity which may affect their future performance in the adulthood, then an enlightened parent is in a position of comprehending the necessities of healthy eating, timely vaccinations as well as immunizations.

Again, such a parent can read, understand, and follow instructions given by doctors and physicians concerning the health of their children. Again the yin a position of understanding their diet has an impact on the child, especially the lactating one (Trump, 2018). Therefore, they ought to eat healthy so that they may translate their children’s health. However, if such a parent lacks the vital nutrients needed by the child, they should be in a position of including supplements in the diet to curb instances of diet-related disorders. Such parents have a comprehension of the need for improved health-seeking behavior to facilitate steady and high standards of health (Trump, 2018).

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            According to Carina mood & Jan O Jonson (2015), poverty is characterized by a lack of adequate resources resulting in negative consequences on society. However, the article deviates from explaining the positive implication of hard economic times to the social results. The results in providing an empirical approach to the issue. As such, a panel discussion is applied to the Swedish longitudinal data to illustrate their level of living.

The article seeks to pass the idea that despite the availability of fundamental needs such as food, shelter, and clothing, other economic factors prompt the worsening of social relations hindering voluntary participation. The argument in the article is that poor people may be unable to partake in society at equal measures with other members of society (Mood & Jan 2015). As a result of little contribution to social development, one may be ruled out by other members based on non-participation.

 Additionally, an individual experiencing a limitation of resources may gradually withdraw from social interaction due to increased feelings of inadequacy. The decision to withdraw from the associations of the society may also be brought about by feelings of shame as one may not be in a position of living within the same standards with other members.

Again, since economic difficulties affect the standards of life, spending habits, and leisure activities associated with an individual are either directly or indirectly related to the kind of relations that a nation should either keep or drop, the nation selects partners under the governance of such factors. The flip side of the argument is that nations will withdraw partnerships when their economic health deteriorates. The resultant situation has a likelihood of causing more declines in the economic productivity of the nation.

            The article by Ceyla Pazarbasioglu (2019), ‘The worlds poor are falling behind – we need bold action to help them catch up’ indicates that the economic mood of the economy is assuming a sour taste. Therefore, during the meeting that was convened in Fukuoka, Japan, ministers of finance and central banks stated that the economy is growing at a weak rate. The situation can be explained by the reduction in the prediction of the world growth rate to 2.6 %. The rate is seen to have the lowers within the past three years. Therefore the rate of economic growth rate would remain constant or deteriorate between the years 2020-2021 (Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, 2019).

The poorest nations within the world are likely to experience an extreme shortage of resources, as shown by this article. A friendly external environment should be created to aid in rapid economic growth before the crisis attains unmanageable levels. The article also indicates the economies that moved to the middle-income status from low were thirty-two and had a growth rate of 6% per year. Deep recessions formerly characterized eastern Europe, and central Asia was able to move to market economies from planned.

However there were appealing findings such as an increase in the volume of exports due to successful initiatives of trade integration, increased investment from low-income nations, reduced conflicts particularly among African countries, and doubling in the rate of enrollment to secondary schools. Further, some countries managed to get a bigger boost than others, while the ones that moved up the ladder were noticed to have desirable aspects that aided the movement. The elements included effective business opportunities, quality policy framework alongside good governance.

Cai and Smeeding (2020) addresses child poverty as a situation that has caught the attention of social scientist as it has over time been neglected. The article points out the essence of good treatment of children, particularly those whose parents are either unwilling or unable to offer them the necessary support. The children are said to be living in conditions that is lower than the poverty line; thus, their situation calls for effective measures.

The extreme poverty levels, in this case, are perceived to be below two dollars a day. The scenarios are still rampant despite the initiatives put in place by governments through the sustainable development goals (SDGs) to promote a reduction in the extreme conditions of inadequacy. The article explains that cases of extreme conditions have been erupting in rich nations, too, such as the United States of America. The cases have affected the US report economic report as it indicates levels of extreme disadvantage that is not easily observed.

            Additionally, the report shows cases of children with ringworms and dental decay, implying a significantly impoverished condition. However, when comparing the levels of poverty between poor and rich nations using the method invented by Allen (2017), one can comprehend the information basing it to the claims made by Deaton that 5.3 million Americans live in absolute poverty as per the global standards. Again, in a bid to promote economic development, emerging nations are taking the form of rich western nations. Their cities and sub-arbs are almost similar to the major cities in the United States of America.

Recommendations

            Moreover, since poverty can influence the economy by affecting the accumulation of human capital alongside vices such as social unrest and high crime rate, the vices ought to be addressed with the immediate effect.  Therefore using the theory of the economy, nations should seek to improve the drivers of the economy, such as the quality provision of education, good governance, quality international relations as well as improved security. The drivers form the larger part of human capital, which is critical for the reduction of poverty. Emphasis on training, creativity, and innovation ought to be emphasized to aid in providing for an effective economic platform in the future. Poor states should be keen on prioritizing their needs to curb instances of misappropriation of resources, which results in near wastage. Additionally; they should seek to industrialize in a bid to improve their volume of output as well as creating a pool of labor force for their growing population. On the other hand, high-income nations should be cautious about measures they undertake in financing their development lest it prompts a decline in the quality of output. Again the larger society should be encouraged to be vigilant in production activities in a bid to revive the drowning economy. 

Conclusion

            Poverty has adverse impacts in all sectors of the economy. Therefore nations should seek to work towards eradicating the causative agents of poverty to avert the extremities of an unhealthy economy. The reports from the global economy depict a deteriorating scenario implying that there are likely instances of increased poverty among nations. However, the implication of such reports can also be that the poverty-stricken nations are moving from overall poverty to absolute poverty. Over time there have been efforts geared towards promotion of a quality economy such as, improvement of literacy levels, improvement of health facilities as well as support for good governance.one can, therefore, attest to the improvement of the pillars of economic development despite a prediction of economic deterioration that is below the value attained in the three last three years. Developing countries are seen to be largely affected by poor policing, prompting increased borrowing and reduced value production. However, the level of conflict management among developing nations has significantly reduced (Moffitt & Pauley,2018). Based on the information from the various articles, effective planning if effective for the realization of a healthy economy as development is not attained overnight. Again, it’s evident that most nations have associated development with westernization. As a result, the developed nations have adopted the style of the urban cities of the United States of America.

References

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Carcillo, S., Huillery, É. & L’Horty, Y. (2017). Prévenir la pauvreté par l’emploi, l’éducation et la mobilité. Notes du conseil d’analyse économique, no 40,(4), 1-12. https://www.cairn.info/revue-notes-du-conseil-d-analyse-economique-2017-4-page-1.htm.

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Oliveira M, Bastos-Filho C, Menezes R (2017) The scaling of crime concentration in cities. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183110. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018311

Trump D (2018) Executive order reducing poverty in America by promoting opportunity and economic mobility. The White House, Washington, DC. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-reducing-poverty-america-promoting-opportunity-economic-mobility/.

Turrey, A. A., & Maqbool, T. (2018). Relationship between economic growth and poverty: a study of developing and less developed countries. Toward Excellence: A Refereed Journal of Higher Education, 10, 51-57.

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