1. A young male, is afflicted with a muscle wasting disease. His mother’s two brothers also had the disease. No other family members (his father, his father’s relatives, his mother, or his mother’s female relatives) have the disease. Is this muscle wasting disease (A) autosomal or sex-linked, and (B) dominant or recessive? Defend your answers.

2. Your friend is consuming a wide variety of medications. Because of a very bad drug interaction, the secretion of both antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone is suddenly increased. How will these two hormones modify water and sodium reuptake by the kidney and the volume of your friend’s urine output? Explain your answer. Page 11 of 11

3. Explain why the role of oxytocin in labor is an example of positive feedback. Do any other roles of oxytocin exhibit this same principle?

4. List the four classic symptoms of inflammation and describe the biologic cause of each.

5. Draw/diagram a Punnett square in which, upper case Hh represents two sets of genes (alleles) for a female with hazel eyes, Hazel eyes female and lower case hh represents two sets of genes (alleles) for a brown-eyes male. Note that upper case H represents a dominant trait— hazel eyes and lower-case h represents the recessive trait—brown eyes. In this scenario, the female is hazel-eyed in appearance (phenotype) and the male is browneyed in appearance (phenotype). i) Given that the female carries both genes (alleles), that is H and h, for hazel eyes, explain why her appearance is hazel eyes. ii) Next, draw a Punnett square for the offspring that could be produced from the union of this female Hh and this male hh. iii) After drawing the Punnett square, discuss the phenotypes (appearances) of the fourrepresentative offspring whose genotypes are provided in the Punnett Square.

Part 1:

1.    Describe the chemical composition and configuration of most enzymes. Why are enzymes specific for their substrates?

2.    Suppose that you have isolated an extract from a plant tissue and you found that the extract actually speeds up the rate of a particular reaction. What kind of information would you collect to confirm that your extract is an enzyme? (Remember the more information you gather, the stronger your case)
3.    Explain what occurs during Krebs citric acid cycle and electron transport by describing the following :

A: The exact location of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

B:  The chemiosmotic production of ATP during electron transport.
4.    Describe the electron transport system. Your answer must include the following:  the source of the electrons, the eventual electron acceptor, the type of phosphorylation that occurs, and how hydrogen ions, are involved.
5.    Trace the path of a carbon dioxide molecule from the point at which it enters a C3 plant to its incorporation into a glucose molecule. Include the role leaf anatomy and the biochemical pathway(s) in your discussion.

6.    The herbicide paraquat has been used widely in the past by drug enforcement agencies to control marijuana growth. Paraquat is a redox agent that chemically oxidizes NADPH to NADP+. Explain how this herbicide kills plants.
Part 2:
A.    Answer these questions concerning the steps involved in glycolysis.
1.    Which steps occur in the cytoplasm of the cell?
2.    Which steps produce the most carbon dioxide?
3.    Which steps produce ATP?
4.    Name the end product in the branched metabolic pathway.
5.    Tell how many carbon atoms are present in glucose and pyruvate
B.    Energy transfer occurs in all cellular activities. Explain how ATP is involved in each other following energy transfer processes.
2.    Fermentation

C.    Membranes are important structural features of cells. Describe the role of membranes in the synthesis of ATP in cellular respiration.
D.    Write the complete summary reaction for cellular respiration. Explain why this reaction is called a redox reaction. Include in your discussion which substance is oxidized and which substance is reduced.
E.    Compare and contrast the processes of alcoholic fermentation by a wine yeast and lactate fermentation by a muscle.
F.    Describe or sketch the structure of a chloroplast. Explain where in the chloroplast the following are found.
G.    Explain how living organisms can carry out endergonic reactions.
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